Government under the Roman Republic

                          Structure of the Government 509BC

2 Consuls Head of Government	Senate (300 members)	Assembly
PATRICIANS	PATRICIANS	PLEBEIANS
1 year term	Life term
Consuls chose the Senators		Elected the 2 Consuls
Ran the government, overseeing the work of other government officials.	Advised the consuls. Advised the Assembly.	Elected government officials including judges.
Directed (commanded) the army	Directed spending, including tax dollars
Acted as judges	Approved or disapproved laws made by the Assembly	Voted on laws suggested by government officials
In an emergency, consuls could choose a dictator – a single ruler to make quick decisions.	Made decisions concerning relationships with foreign powers	Declared war or peace
Both consuls had to agree on their decisions. Each had the power to Veto the other. In Latin, veto means “I forbid.”	http://rome.mrdonn.org/senate.html

Leasdership in Ancient Rome.

           How is power gained, used and justified?

           What kind of leadership do we have in Brazil?
                  

           Why do we have laws?

           What are the 12 Tables?

     Watch video.       

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Types of Gladiators

History, Facts and Information about Types of Gladiators The content of this article provides interesting history, facts and information about different types of Gladiators. There were many different types of gladiators who were divided into different classes according to their weapons and fighting styles. There were strict rules and protocol surrounding the fights of gladiators. The pairing of the different types of gladiators was important and ironically the Romans expected to see 'fair play' in the gladiatorial combats. The selection of  'matched pairs' of different types of gladiators of would ensure that one fighter was hampered by heavy armor whilst the other was lightly armed. The different types of Gladiators have therefore been detailed on this page in four classes: The Elite Types of Gladiators Types of gladiators who heavily armed Types of gladiators who lightly armed Types of gladiators who specialised in unusual types of combat or entertainment One type of gladiator might have freedom of movement but with little armor, or no armor to protect him. The other type of gladiator matched against him might be more heavily armed and protected but restricted in his movements by his armor. Roman Gladiators Types of Gladiators - How many different Types of Gladiators fought in Ancient Rome?How many different Types of Gladiator fought in Ancient Rome? Good question but we cannot provide a definitive answer. The history of the gladiators dates back over 2000 years and much of the information about them has been lost. We have, however, provided facts and interesting information about 26 different types of gladiator including their specialised fighting skills, their opponents and their weapons, clothing, armor and shields. Names given to different Types of GladiatorsThe first Roman Gladiators were prisoners of war and were named according to their ethnic roots such as Samnite,  Thracian and the Gaul (Gallus).  Old enemies became allies and the names of the different types of gladiators changed to reflect their combat techniques such as Secutores (chasers), Bestiarii (beast fighters) and Retiarius (net fighters). Types of Gladiators - List of the Elite The elite types of Gladiators were the Rudiarius who were gladiators who had obtained their freedom but chose to continue fighting in gladiatorial combats, the Tertiarius who were experienced gladiators who acted as substitutes if a gladiator was unable to fight and the Sagittarius, a rare delight for the spectators, as these were highly accomplished mounted bowmen. Each of this type of gladiator was well known to the spectators, highly experienced and extremely skilful. The Elite Type of Gladiator Rudiarius (Free Gladiator) Tertiarius (Substitute Gladiator) Sagittarius (Mounted Bowman) Amazones - Female Gladiators The Elite Type of Gladiator Types of Gladiators - List of Heavily armed Gladiators The different Types of Gladiators who were heavily armed were as follows: Types of Heavily armed Gladiators Cataphractarius (Heavily protected gladiator) Gallus (Heavily armed Gladiator ) Hoplomachi (Armed Fighters) Provocatores (Challengers Protected by a Breastplate) Samnites: (Large Shields and Plumed Helmets) Secutores (Slashers / Carvers) Scissores (Carvers - Short Swords) Murmillones (Gladius and Shield Gladiator) Types of Heavily armed Gladiators Types of Gladiators - List of Lightly armed Gladiators The different Types of Gladiators who were heavily armed were as follows: Types of Lightly armed Gladiators Dimachaeri (Gladiators With Two Swords) Thracian (Thrax - Curved Swords) Eques (Horseback And Sword Gladiator) Essedari (War-Chariot Fighters) Laquerarii (Lasso Fighters) Paegniarius: (Whip, Club and Shield Gladiator) Retiarii (Net Fighters) Velites (Fought in groups with Spears) Types of Lightly armed Gladiators List of Unusual Types of Gladiators There were also unusual types of Gladiators. These types of gladiators were forced to fight, or specialised in, unusual types of combat or entertainment. The Andabatae (Sight Restricted Gladiators) were convicted prisoners who were forced to wear helmets without any eye holes. No other armor was worn. They fought bare-chested and blindly lashed out at each other until the last man was standing. The Bestiarii (Beast Fighters) were lightly armored types of gladiators and fought wild animals. The Venatores were Wild Animal Hunters who entertained the spectators with their hunting skills. The Praegenarii were the 'opening act gladiators'. This type of gladiator only used wooden swords, accompanied to festive music. The Bustuarii was a type of slave gladiator who fought in combats to the death at the funerals of prominent Romans. The Naumachiarii were combatants in sea-fights - the arena of the Roman Colosseum was originally able to produce such sea battles for more information see Water Battles at the Colosseum. Facts and information about all of these different, unusual types of gladiators can be accessed via the following links:  Unusual Types of Gladiators Andabatae (Sight Restricted Gladiators) Bestiarii (Beast Fighters) Bustuarii (Funeral Gladiators) Naumachiarii ( Combatants in Sea-fights) Praegenarii (Opening Act Gladiators) Venatores (Wild Animal Hunters) Paegniarius (Animal Fighters with a Whip) Unusual Types of Gladiators Names of other Types of GladiatorsOther specific names were given to different types of gladiators according to their status and roles: Auctorati - Definition: Roman citizens who were in debt and sold themselves to gladiator schools for money, swearing of a legal agreement agreeing to submit to beating, burning, and death by the sword if they did not perform as required. Auctorati gladiators were not deprived of their Roman citizenship Tirones gladiatores or Tiro - Definition: Trainee gladiators Veteranus (Veterani) - Definition: A trained gladiator and a veteran of one or more gladiatorial combats  Meridiani - Definition: Lightly armed gladiators who fought in the middle of the day, after the wild beast fights Ordinarii - Definition: These were the regular gladiators who fought in pairs in the ordinary way Catervarii - Definition: Name given to gladiators when they did not fight in pairs, but when several fought together Noxii - Definition:  Criminals who had been sentenced to death fighting as gladiators in the arena Gladiatores Fiscales were maintained by the private treasury of the emperor Gladiatores Postulatitii, were Gladiators of great skill, maintained by the Roman state treasury Taurarii gladiators who were bullfighters Types of Gladiators The content of this Types of Gladiators category provides free educational details, facts and information for reference and research for schools, colleges and homework. Refer to the Colosseum Sitemap for a comprehensive search on interesting different categories containing the history, facts and information about Ancient Rome. Just like the subject of Types of Gladiators there is hardly a page of Roman history and the Romans that is not, on some way, connected to the Roman Colosseum which became a symbol of Rome, its society, culture and life. Types of Gladiators

Types of Gladiators History, Facts and information about different types of gladiator How many different Types fought in Ancient Rome? Types of the Elite: Rudiarius, Tertiarius and Sagittarius Types of Heavily armed : Cataphractarius, Gallus, Hoplomachi, Provocatores, Samnites, Secutores, Scissores and Thrax (Thracian) Types of Lightly armed fighters: Dimachaeri, Eques, Essedari, Laquerarii, Murmillones, Paegniarius, Retiarii and Velites Unusual Types of Gladiator: Andabatae, Bestiarii, Bustuarii, Naumachiarii, Praegenarii and Venatores http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/gladiators/types-of-gladiators.htm

WARS AND BATTLES

The Ancient Romans fought many battles and wars in order to expand and protect their empire. There were also civil wars where Romans fought Romans in order to gain power. Here are some of the major battles and wars that the Romans fought. 

The Punic Wars 

The Punic Wars were fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. Carthage was a large City located on the coast of North Africa. This sounds like a long way away at first, but Carthage was just a short sea voyage from Rome across the Mediterranean Sea. Both cities were major powers at the time and both were expanding their empires. As the empires grew, they began to clash and soon war had begun. 

There were three major parts of the Punic wars and they were fought over the course of more than 100 years,

• First Punic War (264 - 241 BC): The First Punic War was fought largely over the island of Sicily. This meant a lot of the fighting was at sea where Carthage had the advantage of a much stronger navy than Rome. However, Rome quickly built up a large navy of over 100 ships. Rome also invented the corvus, a type of assault bridge that allowed Rome's superior soldiers to board enemy navy vessels. Rome soon dominated Carthage and won the war.
• Second Punic War (218 - 201 BC): In the Second Punic War, Carthage had more success fighting against the Roman legions. The Carthage leader and general, Hannibal, made a daring crossing of the Alps to attack Rome and northern Italy. This crossing was made more famous because he also brought a large number of elephants with him. Hannibal was a brilliant general and won several battles against the Romans. However, despite fighting for 16 years, Hannibal wasn't able to conquer the city of Rome. When Rome counterattacked his homeland of Carthage, Hannibal was forced to retreat. The final battle in this war was the Battle of Zama where the Roman general Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal.
• Third Punic War (149 - 146 BC): In the Third Punic War Rome attacked the city of Carthage. After three years of laying siege to the city, the Roman army broke through the walls and burned it to the ground.

The Battle of Cynoscephalae (364 BC) 

In this battle the Roman Legion under Titus Flamininus soundly defeated the Macedonian Army led by Philip V. This battle was important because the successors of Greek leader Alexander the Great had now been defeated. Rome had become the dominant world power. 

Third Servile War (73 - 71 BC) 

This war started when 78 gladiators, including their leader Spartacus, escaped and started a rebellion. Soon they had over 120,000 escaped slaves and others traveling with them invading the countryside. They successfully fought back many Roman soldiers until finally an army with a full 8 legions was dispatched to destroy them. The fighting was long and bitter, but eventually Spartacus' army was defeated. 

Caesar's Civil War (49 - 45 BC) 

This war is also called the Great Roman Civil War. Julius Caesar's legions fought against the Senate supported legions of Pompey the Great. The war lasted for four years until Caesar finally defeated Pompey and became Dictator of Rome. This signaled the end of the Roman Republic. 

The famous moment in this war was when Caesar crossed the Rubicon River. This meant he was going to war against Rome. Today the term "crossing the Rubicon" is still used to say that someone had reached the point of no return and can not go back. 

The Battle of Actium (31 BC) 

In this battle Octavian's forces, led by Marcus Agrippa, defeated the combined forces of Roman general Marc Antony and Egyptian Pharaoh Cleopatra VII. As a result Octavian became the sole power in Rome and would soon become Rome's first Emperor. He would change his name to Augustus when he became emperor. 



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Rome TOTAL WAR

Who was in the Roman army?

• Only men could be in the Roman Army. No women. Every Roman soldier was a Roman citizen. He had to be at least 20 years old. He was not supposed to get married while he was a soldier. Most soldiers in the Roman Empirecame from countries outside Italy. There were Roman soldiers from Africa, France, Germany, the Balkans, Spain and the Middle East.
  Soldiers had to stay in the army for at least 25 years! Then they could retire, with a pension or a gift of land to farm. Old soldiers often settled down to old age together, in a military town or colonia.

• What was a legion?

  There were about 30 legions in the Roman army. Each legion had between 4,000 and 6,000 soldiers, called legionaries. Each legion had ten cohorts. Each cohort was made up of six troops of about 80 legionaries, called centuries. Each century was led by a centurion. A centurion carried a short rod, to show his importance. He could also use his stick to beat any soldier who disobeyed an order. The officer commanding the whole legion was called a legate.

• • What other soldiers did the Romans have?

    Legionaries were the best Roman soldiers, and the best paid. There were other soldiers though. An auxiliary was a soldier who was not a Roman citizen. He was paid a third as much as a legionary. Auxiliaries guarded forts and frontiers, but also fought in battles, often in the front lines, where it was the most dangerous.
    Some soldiers had special skills. They shot bows and arrows, flung stones from slingshots, or could swim rivers to surprise an enemy - like modern commandos.
    Artillery soldiers fired giant catapults, called onagers in Latin, machines that fired rocks or balls of burning tar. The Romans used big wind-up crossbows, called ballistas in Latin, too.
    Usually, Romans liked to fight on foot. They used cavalry (soldiers riding horses) to chase a fleeing enemy. In a battle, the cavalry often lined up either side of the infantry (foot-soldiers).

  • • What armour and weapons did the Romans have?

      We know about Roman armour and weapons from Roman pictures and statues, and from finds by modern archaeologists.
      A Roman soldier wore armour made from strips of iron and leather (lorica segmentata in Latin). On his head was a metal helmet (galea). He carried a rectangular shield (scutum), curved so it protected his body. The shield was made of wood and leather.
      The soldier's main weapons were a short sword for stabbing (gladius) and a long spear, or javelin (pilum) for throwing. The javelin had a sharp iron point, and a thin, bendy shaft. When it hit an enemy's shield, the point stuck in, but the shaft bent. This made it difficult to pull out. The long spear shaft got in the way, so the enemy soldier had to throw away his shield.

    • How well-trained were Roman soldiers?

      Roman soldiers kept fit by running, marching and practice-fighting. They could march 20 miles (30 km) a day wearing armour. They could swim or cross rivers in boats, build bridges, and smash their way into forts. Each man carried his weapons and shield, some food and camping equipment (such as spare clothes, cooking pot and an axe or spade).
      Roman soldiers almost always obeyed orders. They usually fought in lines, marching forward with their shields facing the enemy. If they were being fired at from above (with arrows or rocks), the men would lift their shields over their heads for protection. They looked like a tortoise, so they called this formation the testudo (Latin for tortoise).
    • http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/romans/the_roman_army/